Three representative misclassified sources from the held-out test set, one per category from Sect. 5.2: (a) a concept-correctable RRC→RRAB error; (b) a boundary case; (c) a systematic case. Bars show the source’s 12 scaled concept values against the mean concept profile of the true class (blue) and the predicted class (orange). Red asterisks flag concepts that deviate by more than 2σ from the true-class mean—these are the actionable intervention targets for an astronomer inspecting the prediction.