Tracing the sulfur depletion in starless and pre-stellar cores

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Table 2

Transition parameters of the observed molecules and setting of the telescope.

Molecule	Transition	Frequency (MHz)	Reference	E_u (K)	g_u	A_ul (10⁻⁵ s⁻¹)	Q_rot (T_ex) (K)	n_crit (T_ex) (10⁵ cm⁻³)	F_eff/B_eff ^a (%)/(%)
SO	N, J = 2,2−1,1	86093.95	1	19.31	5	0.525	17.28	1.57	95 /80.9 (81.5)
	N, J = 2,3−1,2	99299.87	1	9.22	7	1.125	17.28	1.39	95 /79.6 (76.9)
	N, J = 3,2−2,1	109252.22	1	21.05	5	1.080	17.28	1.37	95 /78.5
S¹⁸O	N, J = 2,3−1,2	93267.27	2	8.72	7	0.934	18.37	1.39	95 /80.2
³⁴SO	N, J = 2,3−1,2	97715.32	2	9.09	7	1.073	17.55	1.39	95 /79.7
SO₂	$J_{K_{a}, K_{c}} = 3_{1, 3} - 2_{0, 2}$ $Mathematical equation: ${J_{{{\rm{K}}_{\rm{a}}},{{\rm{K}}_{\rm{c}}}}} = {3_{1,3}} - {2_{0,2}}$$	104029.42	3	7.74	7	1.006	36.39	2.14	95 /79.1 (74.8)
OCS	J = 8–7	97301.21	4	21.02	17	0.258	34.60	0.35	95 /79.8
	J = 9–8	109463.06	4	26.26	19	0.370	34.60	0.49	95 /79.1
CS	J = 2–1	97980.95	5	7.05	5	1.679	8.85	3.58	95 /79.7
¹³CS	J = 2–1	92494.31	5	6.65	5	1.413	9.35	3.58	95 /80.2 (79.6)
C³⁴S	J = 2–1	96412.95	5	6.93	5	1.600	8.98	3.58	95 /79.8
CCS	N, J = 7,6−6,5	86181.39	6	23.35	13	2.778	61.61	3.64	95 /80.8 (81.4)
	N, J = 7,8−6,7	93870.11	6	19.90	17	3.744	61.61	4.21	95 /80.1
	N, J = 8,7−7,6	99866.52	6	28.14	15	4.404	61.61	5.50	95 /79.5 (76.4)
	N, J = 8,8−7,7	103640.76	6	31.22	15	4.979	61.61	6.11	95 /79.1
	N, J = 9,8−8,7	113410.18	6	33.58	17	6.534	61.61	7.84	95 /78.2
C₃S	J= 16–15	92488.49	7	37.72	33	6.126	72.42	–	95 /80.2
HCS⁺	J=2–1	85347.89	8	6.14	5	1.110	10.11	0.29	95 /81.0
H₂CS	$J_{K_{a}, K_{c}} = 3_{1, 3} - 2_{1, 2}$ $Mathematical equation: ${J_{{{\rm{K}}_{\rm{a}}},{{\rm{K}}_{\rm{c}}}}} = {3_{1,3}} - {2_{1,2}}$$	101477.80	9	22.99	21	1.260	31.01	1.59	95 /79.4 (75.6)
	$J_{K_{a}, K_{c}} = 3_{0, 3} - 2_{0, 2}$ $Mathematical equation: ${J_{{{\rm{K}}_{\rm{a}}},{{\rm{K}}_{\rm{c}}}}} = {3_{0,3}} - {2_{0,2}}$$	103040.45	9	9.88	7	1.484	31.01	1.30	95 /79.2 (75.1)
	$J_{K_{a}, K_{c}} = 3_{1, 2} - 2_{1, 1}$ $Mathematical equation: ${J_{{{\rm{K}}_{\rm{a}}},{{\rm{K}}_{\rm{c}}}}} = {3_{1,2}} - {2_{1,1}}$$	104617.03	9	23.21	21	1.381	31.01	2.26	95 /79.0
HDCS	$J_{K_{a}, K_{c}} = 3_{0, 3} - 2_{0, 2}$ $Mathematical equation: ${J_{{{\rm{K}}_{\rm{a}}},{{\rm{K}}_{\rm{c}}}}} = {3_{0,3}} - {2_{0,2}}$$	92981.60	10	8.92	7	1.097	24.77	1.30	95 /80.2
C¹⁷O	J = 1–0	112360.01	11	5.39	3	0.0067	4.06	0.02	95/78.3

Notes. E_u: energy of the upper level; g_u: degeneracy of the upper level; A_ul: Einstein coefficient for spontaneous emission; Q_rot: rotational partition function at excitation temperature T_ex = 10 K; n_crit: critical density at excitation temperature T_ex = 10 K. All values were taken or calculated from the CDMS (Müller et al. 2001) or JPL (Pickett et al. 1998) catalogs, except the collisional rates, which were taken from LAMBDA (Schöier et al. 2005) or EMAA (Faure et al. 2025). Note that collisional rate coefficients for all isotopologs are taken to be equal to those of the main isotopic species, as no corresponding data are available in the databases. ^aValues in brackets represent the new beam efficiencies as of Dec. 2025 where needed. (1) Clark & De Lucia (1976); (2) Tiemann (1974); (3) Lovas (1985); (4) Dubrulle et al. (1980); (5) Bogey et al. (1982); (6) Saito et al. (1987); (7) Yamamoto et al. (1987); (8) Margulès et al. (2003); (9) Beers et al. (1972); (10) Minowa et al. (1997); (11) Klapper et al. (2003).

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