SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) summary plot for the LightGBM model predicting spiral galaxy classification. Each point represents the SHAP value of a single feature for one galaxy, showing its impact on the model output. The horizontal axis indicates the contribution (positive or negative) to the prediction, while the vertical axis lists the most important features ranked by overall impact. The color gradient encodes the feature value from low (blue) to high (red), highlighting how different ranges of feature values drive the prediction toward or away from the spiral class.