Fig. 5
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Model fitting of the averaged X-ray spectra (0.2-2.0 keV) of 103 M-dwarf stars using multi-temperature thermal plasma models. The top left, top right and bottom left panels show comparisons between two-temperature and three-temperature APEC models (labelled as 2APEC and 3T-APEC), and as variable-abundance counterparts (2T-VAPEC and 3T-VAPEC). The corresponding residuals are shown. The bottom right panel presents a comparative view of residuals amongst four models to assess the fit quality.
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