Measuring Titan’s rapid orbital expansion combining Cassini radio science normal points and astrometry

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Table 1

Summary of the results on Saturn’s k₂ and Q at the frequency of Titan from this work and from previous analyses.

Parameter	Lainey et al. (2020)	Lainey et al. (2020)	Jacobson (2022)	Jacobson (2022)	This work Normal points + Astrometry
Parameter	Radio science	Astrometry	Astrometry	Radio + Astrometry	This work Normal points + Astrometry
k₂	0.382 ± 0.017	0.382 ± 0.017	0.3830 ± 0.0252	0.3830 ± 0.0252	0.382 ± 0.017
Q	$124_{- 19}^{+ 26}$ $Mathematical equation: $\[124_{-19}^{+26}\]$$	$61_{- 31}^{+ 240}$ $Mathematical equation: $\[61_{-31}^{+240}\]$$	91 ± 303	1224 ± 357	$75_{- 31}^{+ 176}$ $Mathematical equation: $\[\mathbf{75_{-31}^{+176}}\]$$
k₂/Q (×10⁴)	30.8 ± 5.5	69 ± 57	42.0 ± 139.5	3.13 ± 0.939	50.3 ± 35

Notes. All the displayed uncertainties are 3σ. The a priori σ for the parameters are kept large so as not to constrain the solution.

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