Tidal parameters of Saturn. (a) Comparison of Saturn’s tidal factor ($\frac{k_2}{Q}$) at Titan’s orbital frequency from different studies. The results from this work (blue) are compared with those from Lainey et al. (2020) (yellow) and Jacobson (2022) (green). The right vertical axis shows the corresponding rate of orbital expansion for each $\frac{k_2}{Q}$ value. (b) Effective tidal quality factor (Q) of Saturn. The red dotted line indicates the predicted Q from a resonance-locking model, assuming a Saturn evolution timescale of tp=6 Gyr (Lainey et al. 2020). The gray dashed line represents the minimum constant Q value required for the coeval formation of Mimas and Saturn (Lainey et al. 2020).