Fig. 5.

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Maximal inner eccentricity (emax) dynamically induced, via the ZLK mechanism, by a tertiary for a triple system with an arbitrary tertiary mass (m3) and outer orbital period (Pout). The system includes an inner circular binary with masses m1=m2 = 55 M⊙ and an orbital period of 1.1 d, at a metallicity Z = 0.00042, evaluated at the ZAMS. We use different colours to highlight various regions of interest. Dark grey indicates dynamically unstable triples. If the tertiary is unable to torque the inner binary, the latter remains circular (emax≈0); white regions indicate this regime. We explore the impact of different assumptions (Sect. 2.2.2). The left and right columns show the results using the double-averaged (DA) and single-averaged (SA) approximations, respectively. From top to bottom, the models incorporate additional terms that account for relativistic apsidal precession (GR), apsidal precession from the tidal equilibrium bulge in the inner binary (tides), and both.
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