Fig. 1.

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Left: Atmospheric heavy-element mass fraction vs. time for different primordial entropies and composition profiles (see legend in right plot). All models assume a 1 MJ planet. The data with errors are hypothetical atmospheric abundance measurements (see Sect. 3.3). Right: Radius vs. time for the same models as in the left plot. The age and radius of NGTS-30b and Kepler-167e are measured (see Sect. 3.3).
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