Fig. 5

Download original image
Time after which planets reach the pebble isolation mass tiso ≡ t(M=Miso), as a function of orbital radius and initial mass, using IGM16. White indicates the isolation mass has not been reached. The contours showing the final mass are the same as in Fig. 4. Around 0.49, 0.70, and 1.00 M⊙ stars, the first planets reach Miso within the first 50 000 to 100 000 years of the simulation, which could halt pebble accretion for planets close to the star prematurely.
Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.
Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.
Initial download of the metrics may take a while.