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Fig. 3

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Final mass divided by the initial mass of planets, calculated using only the semi-analytical PA model OL18, shown as a function of orbital radius on the x-axis and initial mass (M0) on the y-axis. The eccentricity and inclination are zero. Black contours indicate final masses higher than a Mars mass (MM), Earth mass (ME) and two Earth masses. Planets above the red dashed line have reached the local pebble isolation mass. Around 0.49, 0.70, and 1.00 M stars, PA produces Earth-mass planets in a wide range of orbital separations. Around 0.09 and 0.20 M, PA does not form planets larger than a few Mars masses, even though the pebble isolation mass allows for the formation of Earth-sized planets. For 0.09 M stars, planets do not grow larger than about a lunar mass (ML) in the default disc of 5% of the stellar mass, which is why a more massive disc of 10% of the stellar mass is used for this star.

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