Fig. 3

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Ring lifetime measured in terms of the orbital period of the planetary body as a function of β. Symbols represent different initial ring tilt angles in the range of [0°−90°]. The number of orbits completed by the ring particles around the planetary body are also shown on the right vertical axis with green. Three different sets of models are considered. Panel A shows the Chariklo analog models without taking into account the planetary shadow, assuming 5, 10, and 15 au orbital distance. Panel B shows the same models but considering the planetary shadow. Panel C shows the Haumea analog models taking into account the effect of planetary shadow, assuming orbital distances of 30, 40, and 50 au. It is noticeable in all panels that i < 50° (warm colored symbols) and i ≥ 50° (cool colored symbols) represent two different groups.
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