Redshift evolution of the escape rate of ionizing photons from star-forming galaxies and AGN, weighted over the volume-filling fraction to account for the effects of reionization feedback (Eq. (5)). The dotted line shows the maximum AGN contribution assuming f_esc^bh = 1. We also show the total contribution deconstructed into sources with stellar masses above and below 10⁹ M_⊙, as marked. Points show the observational results from Becker & Bolton (2013, empty circles), Becker et al. (2021, filled circles) and Gaikwad et al. (2023, filled triangles). The vertical short-dashed (long-dashed) line shows the redshift at which the IGM is half (fully) ionized, i.e., Q_II = 0.5 (1), as marked.