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Fig. 1.

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Particle growth tracks for a range of particle sizes St ∈ [0.01, 0.04] in four scenarios: fragmentation-limited vs. drift-limited growth, and α = 10−4 or 10−3. The particle tracks begin at the solid circle, which marks the midplane dust-to-gas ratio for vertical sedimentation in the presence of mass loading (Eq. (19)). For reference, we also show an open circle for ϵ = Z St / α $ \epsilon = Z\sqrt{\mathrm{St}/\alpha} $, which does not account for mass loading. The highlighted region is the range of midplane-averaged ϵ and St values where SI filaments cross the Hill density and are likely to experience gravitational collapse. We fine-tuned Z so that the particle tracks would converge at around two times the SI criterion (dashed line).

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