Open Access
Table 2
PKDGRAV simulation parameters.
| Parameter (unit) | Value | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Particle mass density (g/cm3) | 2.38 | MacLennan et al. (2022) |
| Number of particles (core) | 4583 | – |
| Number of particles (envelope) | 48287 | – |
| Timestep (s) | 0.05 | – |
| Shape parameter β | 0.8 | Zhang & Michel (2020); Agrusa et al. (2024) |
| Normal spring constant kn (kg/s2) | 9.22 × 106 | – |
| Tangential spring constant kt |  |
Schwartz et al. (2012) |
| Static friction coefficient μs | 1.0 | Jiang et al. (2015); Zhang & Michel (2020); Agrusa et al. (2024) |
| Rolling friction coefficient μr | 1.05 | Jiang et al. (2015) |
| Twisting friction coefficient μt | 1.3 | Jiang et al. (2015) |
| Normal coefficient of restitution ηn | 0.55 | Chau et al. (2002) |
| Tangential coefficient of restitution ηt | 0.55 | Chau et al. (2002) |
| Cohesion coefficient c (Pa) | 0 | Arakawa et al. (2020); Walsh et al. (2022) |
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