The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs - Occurrence rates of Earth-like planets around very low-mass stars

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Volume 696 (April 2025)

A&A, 696 (2025) A101

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Table 7

Occurrence rates ${\bar{n}}_{pl}$ ${\bar n_{{\rm{pl}}}}$ in terms of planets per star from the 15 target stars based on sensitivity maps from the injection-and-retrieval analysis and based on the sensitivity map derived from likelihood maps.

M_pl sin i	Inj.-and-retrieval		Log-likelihood
M_pl sin i	P [d] 1–10	P [d] 10–100	P [d] 1–10	P [d] 10–100
power-law distribution
0.5 M_⊕–3 M_⊕	${0.88}_{- 0.28}^{+ 0.36}$ $0.88_{ - 0.28}^{ + 0.36}$	${0.92}_{- 0.39}^{+ 0.56}$ $0.92_{ - 0.39}^{ + 0.56}$	${0.77}_{- 0.24}^{+ 0.31}$ $0.77_{ - 0.24}^{ + 0.31}$	${1.00}_{- 0.43}^{+ 0.61}$ $1.00_{ - 0.43}^{ + 0.61}$
3 M_⊕–10 M_⊕	${0.11}_{- 0.06}^{+ 0.11}$ $0.11_{ - 0.06}^{ + 0.11}$	${0.06}_{- 0.04}^{+ 0.09}$ $0.06_{ - 0.04}^{ + 0.09}$	${0.12}_{- 0.07}^{+ 0.11}$ $0.12_{ - 0.07}^{ + 0.11}$	${0.06}_{- 0.04}^{+ 0.08}$ $0.06_{ - 0.04}^{ + 0.08}$

log-uniform distribution
0.5 M_⊕–3 M_⊕	${0.72}_{- 0.23}^{+ 0.29}$ $0.72_{ - 0.23}^{ + 0.29}$	${0.63}_{- 0.27}^{+ 0.38}$ $0.63_{ - 0.27}^{ + 0.38}$	${0.65}_{- 0.21}^{+ 0.26}$ $0.65_{ - 0.21}^{ + 0.26}$	${0.67}_{- 0.29}^{+ 0.40}$ $0.67_{ - 0.29}^{ + 0.40}$
3 M_⊕–10 M_⊕	${0.11}_{- 0.07}^{+ 0.11}$ $0.11_{ - 0.07}^{ + 0.11}$	${0.06}_{- 0.04}^{+ 0.08}$ $0.06_{ - 0.04}^{ + 0.08}$	${0.12}_{- 0.07}^{+ 0.11}$ $0.12_{ - 0.07}^{ + 0.11}$	${0.05}_{- 0.04}^{+ 0.08}$ $0.05_{ - 0.04}^{ + 0.08}$

Notes. Upper: Under the assumption of a power-law distribution in M_pl sin i from Ribas et al. (2023). Lower: Under the assumption of a log-uniform distribution in M_pl sin i. The error bars show the 16% and 86% levels of the resulting distribution.

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