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Fig. 7

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Hamelin’s diagram, which presents fqnnfcefce${{{f_{qn}} - n \cdot {f_{ce}}} \over {{f_{ce}}}}$ as a function of the ratio of plasma to electron cyclotron frequency, fpe / fce, where fqn are the frequencies at which Bernstein waves have zero group velocity. These results were obtained with the numerical linearized Vlasov-Maxwell solver WHAMP, for a homogeneous, magnetized, and Maxwellian plasma (Roennmark 1982).

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