Fig. 8

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Constraints on the particle aerodynamic size (Stokes number τs) and turbulence intensity of the gas, where σ is identified as the root mean square turbulent gas velocity. The constraints follow from simulating the TNO size distribution (run turb-1p, black line), ALMA ring morphological analysis (blue lines; Rosotti 2023), and particle fragmentation velocity (orange lines; the adopted value for the Keplerian velocity vK is the circular motion at 20 au). Under the assumption that the primordial belt featured conditions similar to ALMA rings, the degeneracy between τs and σ (or αD; Equation (16)) can be lifted and we find, τs ~ 0.01, αD ~ 10−3, and a fragmentation threshold of ~2 m s−1.
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