Fig. 6

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Mechanisms that ensure successful orbital expansion of the Kepler-221 system. Two simulations with identical initial positions of the planets and different tidal strengths, torque on planet b, and planet masses are shown from top to bottom. (i) Top panels: A temporal outward torque on planet b with masses according to M1 in Table 2; (ii) Bottom panels: different initial masses of planets according to M2a in Table 2.
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