Examples of simulated emission envelopes with ExPRES. R- X mode is emitted from the northern (a) or southern (b) hemisphere, by loss-cone-driven ECM with characteristic energy 10 keV. Five dipolar magnetic shells (L=2, 5, 10, 20, 40) are simulated in each case, with active radiosources along all field lines at the corresponding shell (actually, at every degree of longitude; small t–f gaps due to this discretisation have been interpolated). An Earth-based observer detects RH (black) or LH (red) polarised emission depending on the hemisphere of origin and emission mode. In both panels, the bursts were detected by FAST in the green-shaded areas, while the green contours refer to uGMRT detections.