Sample ExPRES simulations of ECM radio emissions from AD Leo between 2 December, 20:00 UT and 3 December, 24:00 UT. Emitting radio sources are placed along AD Leo’s dipolar field lines with magnetic L-shell=2 in the southern hemisphere (in view of the observer), at longitudes indicated on the figure. Emission is produced permanently along each entire field line at the local f_ce on the R-X mode and beamed in a hollow cone of aperture self-consistently computed by ExPRES (see Appendix B) and of thickness 1°. The upper 4 panels display simulated emissions from a single field line at each indicated longitude. The lower panel displays simulated emissions from two sets of field lines covering each a 10° longitude range with one field line per degree of longitude (the small t–f gaps, that result from this discretisation, disappear with a denser filling, i.e. with more field lines per degree of longitude). Radio arcs are observed across the t–f plane from 0 to 1.7 GHz. Signals observed below ~0.2 GHz result from a mix of emissions produced at various longitudes. Each panel explores one emission scenario for the ECM driver (loss-cone with 5, 10, or 20 keV characteristic energy, or shell in the velocity space). The color scale indicates the beaming angle θ(°) of the emission relative to the local magnetic field vector. Bursts were detected by FAST in the grey-shaded areas, while the grey contours refer to uGMRT detections.