Sketch of AD Leo’s magnetic configuration, based on (Bellotti et al. 2023). The axes (x, y, ɀ) are expressed in stellar radius, R_*. The dotted blue line labelled Ω represents the star’s rotation axis (it is displayed at 20° from the line of sight), while the black dotted line labelled M represents the magnetic dipole axis, making an angle of 59° with Ω. Magnetic field lines of L-shell 2-40 are displayed as the solid black lines, for longitudes 20° and 200° (field lines at longitudes 110° and 290° are added for L=2). The auroral ovals (actually circles) at L=2 and f_ce=1 GHz in both magnetic hemispheres are displayed in orange. Examples of hollow emission cones are shown at the intersection of the ovals and the displayed magnetic field lines at L=2. Cone apices have a brighter orange shading. Cone wall thickness is figured by the orange circles along cone edges. Cones pointing upward (i.e. toward the observer’s hemisphere) can be identified by the field lines visible inside them, whereas cones pointing downward (away from the observer) mask the field lines which carries them. In our simulations, we place the radio sources and emission cones at every degree of longitude.