ALMA-IMF - XVI. Mass-averaged temperature of cores and protostellar luminosities in the ALMA-IMF protoclusters

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Volume 694 (February 2025)

A&A, 694 (2025) A24

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Table C.4

Main characteristics of protostellar cores in the G012.80, W43-MM1, W43-MM2, and W43-MM3 protoclusters.

Protocluster name	Core ID number	R_out	L_proto⋆[R_out]	$\bar{T_{dust}} (L_{proto ⋆}) [R_{out}]$ $\[\overline{T_{\text {dust}}}(L_{\text {proto} \star})[R_{\text {out}}]\]$		$\bar{T_{dust}} \pm 1 σ$ $\[\overline{T_{\text {dust}}} \pm 1 \sigma\]$	$M_{core} [\bar{T_{dust}}]$ $\[M_{\text {core}}[\overline{T_{\text {dust}}}]\]$	Comments
		[au]	[×10³ L_⊙]	[K]	[K]	[K]	[M_⊙]
(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)
G012.80	1	1520	0.94±0.31	43±4	74±4	59±15	9.5±2.9	O, hot-core
	2	2320	1.37±0.46	43±3	68±4	55±13	9.1±0.5	O, hot-core
	3	1050	0.14±0.05	41±9	60±4	50±10	1.4±0.1	O
	5	1640	0.29±0.11	37±5	58±4	48±11	2.7±0.2	O
	6	1640	0.07±0.03	35±7	45±3	40±5	1.1±0.1	O
	7	2000	1.99±0.68	49±3	77±5	63±14	3.4±0.4	O, hot-core, FF corrected
	8⋆	2170	0.11±0.04	34±6	44±3	39±5	1.7±0.2	O
	9⋆	1140	0.03±0.01	37±9	44±4	41±4	0.6±0.1	O
	11⋆	1340	0.29±0.11	52±5	63±4	57±5	0.9±0.1	O
	12⋆	1880	0.46±0.16	41±4	60±4	51±9	1.5±0.1	O
	13	2690	0.35±0.12	32±3	50±3	41±9	5.2±0.6	O, hot-core
	15⋆	4450	0.93±0.33	32±3	50±3	41±9	4.4±0.5	O
	17⋆	3480	0.50±0.18	36±4	49±3	43±7	1.0±0.2	O
	19	2180	0.08±0.03	33±7	42±3	37±5	0.8±0.1	O
	22	2110	0.03±0.02	32±7	35±3	34±3	0.8±0.1	O
	24	2630	0.19±0.06	29±6	46±3	37±8	1.4±0.2	O
	27⋆	2280	0.99±0.33	43±3	65±4	54±11	1.9±0.3	O, FF corrected
	28	1430	1.44±0.51	52±5	82±5	67±15	0.7±0.2	O, FF corrected
	36⋆	1340		43±4		43±4	1.2±0.2	O
	40	2390	0.42±0.15	41±3	54±4	48±7	1.2±0.2	O
	41	1470	0.13±0.05	39±5	52±3	45±7	0.9±0.2	O
	43⋆	2600		29±4		29±4	2.0±0.4	O
	51⋆	2050	0.10±0.04	34±5	45±3	40±5	1.1±0.2	O
	53⋆	1840	1.57±0.54	49±4	76±5	62±13	0.9±0.2	O, FF corrected
	59⋆	2470	0.53±0.19	36±3	56±4	46±10	1.4±0.2	O
	77	2390	0.23±0.08	28±7	49±3	39±10	0.4±0.1	O
	79	1900		38±3		38±3	1.0±0.2	O
	84⋆	1050		40±5		40±5	0.3±0.2	O
	94⋆	1850	0.91±0.31	42±4	69±4	55±13	0.5±0.2	O
	101⋆	1800	0.39±0.15	43±4	59±4	51±8	0.3±0.1	O
W43-MM1	1	2520	5.80±1.91	53±4	86±5	69±16	115.2±49.6	O, hot-core
	2	1830	1.63±0.54	50±5	77±5	63±13	50.8±2.6	O, hot-core
	3	2520	0.48±0.16	39±4	55±3	47±8	49.1±3.0	O, hot-core
	4	3900	6.41±2.12	47±4	75±4	61±14	54.4±2.4	O, hot-core
	5	1850	1.50±0.49	45±5	75±4	60±15	11.6±0.7	hot-core
	7	1630	0.66±0.23	44±5	68±4	56±12	9.8±0.5	O
	8	1920	1.22±0.41	44±5	71±4	58±14	11.5±0.6	O, hot-core
	9	1710	1.30±0.43	46±5	75±5	61±15	6.9±0.6	O, hot-core
	10	2670	1.78±0.59	42±4	68±4	55±13	7.5±0.8	O, hot-core
	11	1510	1.11±0.37	47±5	76±5	62±15	2.4±0.2	O, hot-core
	12	1820	0.75±0.25	42±5	67±4	54±12	4.8±0.6	O
	13⋆	1160		50±4		50±4	3.5±0.7	O
	14	1170	1.12±0.37	57±6	84±5	70±14	2.5±0.5	O, hot-core
	15	2070	0.34±0.11	39±8	55±3	47±8	3.8±0.3	O, hot-core
	16	2680		34±3		34±3	12.1±1.7	O, hot-core
	18	2100	0.48±0.17	40±5	59±4	49±9	4.6±0.4	O, hot-core
	19	1410		46±4		46±4	3.5±0.8	O, hot-core
	22	1160		45±4		45±4	2.4±0.5	O
	23⋆	1660		41±4		41±4	3.8±0.6	O
	26	1920		37±6		37±6	2.9±0.3	O
	29	1410	0.17±0.06	46±7	56±3	51±5	1.3±0.1	O
	31⋆	1460	0.10±0.05	44±7	50±5	47±4	1.2±0.1	O
	36⋆	1470	0.05±0.03	44±5	44±4	44±3	1.1±0.2	O
	39	1660	0.34±0.12	42±7	60±4	51±9	0.7±0.1	O
	44	2080		36±6		36±6	1.2±0.2	O
	49	1450		42±5		42±5	1.3±0.2	O
	51⋆	3730	0.17±0.06	32±5	39±2	36±3	2.8±0.3	O
	59	1550	0.30±0.10	43±7	60±4	51±9	0.5±0.2	O
	67	1900	0.14±0.05	41±8	49±3	45±4	0.7±0.1	O
	174⋆	3090		32±5		32±5	0.3±0.1	O
W43-MM2	1	2770	2.65±0.87	53±6	72±4	62±10	66.7±13.2	O, hot-core
	5	3270	0.46±0.15	33±5	49±3	41±8	10.0±0.6	O
	6	1780	0.28±0.09	41±7	56±3	48±8	4.0±0.2	O
	7	3660	2.65±0.87	46±5	65±4	56±9	14.2±0.7	O
	10	1960	0.26±0.10	42±6	54±4	48±6	3.1±0.2	O, hot-core
	12	1740	0.52±0.18	44±7	63±4	54±10	4.6±0.3	O, hot-core
	14	1700	0.04±0.01	38±7	40±3	39±2	2.6±0.2	O
	15	1400	0.34±0.14	50±7	64±5	57±7	1.9±0.1	O
	20⋆	2480		35±4		35±4	2.6±0.2	O
	28	1750	0.55±0.18	44±7	64±4	54±10	2.6±0.2	O
	33	5860	1.45±0.48	35±4	49±3	42±7	15.8±1.0	O
	39⋆	1280	0.05±0.02	44±7	46±4	45±3	0.9±0.1	O
	41	2160	0.05±0.02	38±5	38±3	38±2	1.3±0.2	O
	44⋆	4540		34±4		34±4	6.4±0.6	O
	50	1690	0.08±0.03	40±7	46±3	43±3	0.7±0.1	O
	51	1970		41±5		41±5	3.3±0.4	O
	56	4280		27±4		27±4	0.5±0.1	O
	62	2680	0.02±0.01	32±4	30±2	31±2	0.9±0.1	O
	71	3960		29±4		29±4	0.9±0.1	O
	75	2320		35±5		35±5	0.9±0.1	O
	78	3580	1.42±0.47	42±5	59±3	50±8	3.7±0.3	O
	85	1930		37±4		37±4	0.1±0.1	O
	88	7270		23±3		23±3	0.8±0.2	O
	97⋆	1340		41±5		41±5	0.4±0.1	O
	99	3540		29±4		29±4	0.7±0.1	O
	112	1280	0.06±0.02	46±7	49±3	47±3	0.6±0.1	O
	133	1280		42±6		42±6	0.2±0.1	O
	140	1280		42±5		42±5	0.1±0.1	O
	182⋆	5060		25±3		25±3	0.5±0.1	O
	192	2950		34±4		34±4	0.9±0.2	O
	204	2120	0.08±0.03	37±6	42±3	39±3	0.5±0.2	O
	230	3670		29±4		29±4	0.2±0.1	O
	236	2800		36±5		36±5	0.4±0.1	O
	239	3780		30±4		30±4	0.7±0.2	O
	262	4760		27±4		27±4	0.3±0.1	O
	265⋆	4530		27±4		27±4	0.2±0.1	O
	287	1280		43±7		43±7	0.1±0.1	O
W43-MM3	2	1560	3.09±1.02	55±7	91±5	73±18	12.8±0.5	O, hot-core
	3	2530	3.06±1.01	40±9	76±5	58±18	6.7±0.3	O, hot-core
	9	1510	3.03±1.00	57±7	92±5	74±17	4.8±0.2	O, hot-core
	24	2030	2.90±0.96	50±6	82±5	66±16	2.7±0.3	O
	25⋆	4000		35±4		35±4	10.4±0.9	O
	37	1330	0.23±0.08	45±11	60±4	53±8	0.9±0.1	O
	86⋆	4040	0.07±0.03	30±8	33±2	31±2	0.2±0.1	O
	113	3360		34±9		34±9	0.5±0.1	O
	147	3180	0.16±0.05	33±8	41±2	37±4	0.6±0.1	O
	157⋆	4460		28±7		28±7	0.6±0.1	O
	187	1330		44±11		44±11	0.2±0.1	O
	237	2560		34±9		34±9	0.3±0.1	O
	238	1770		38±9		38±9	0.5±0.1	O
	244	3110		33±7		33±7	0.4±0.1	O

Notes. (2) Protostellar core ID numbers. A ⋆ tag indicates tentative protostellar cores. (3) Outer radius of protostellar cores, assumed to be equal to their FWHM (Col. 8 of Tables C.1–C.2), deconvolved by the beam and set at their distance to the Sun (Motte et al. 2022). (4) Protostellar luminosity estimated from their luminosity contribution to their host PPMAP luminosity peak (Cols. 3 and 11 of Tables C.1–C.2) in Eq. (7). (5) Mass-averaged temperature of protostellar cores estimated from the PPMAP temperature (Col. 10 of Tables C.1–C.2) and outer radius (Col. 3) in Eq. (5). (6) Mass-averaged dust temperature of protostellar cores estimated from their outer radius and protostellar luminosity (Cols. 3–4) in Eq. (4). (7) Average value of the dust temperatures in Cols. 5–6. (8) Mass of protostellar cores computed from their 1.3 mm (peak and integrated) fluxes measured in the catalogs of Pouteau et al. (2022), Nony et al. (2023), and Armante et al. (2024), and the temperature of Col. 7 in Eq. (11). When necessary, fluxes have been corrected for contamination by free-free and line emission. (9) Protostellar cores driving an outflow (tag “O”, Nony et al. 2020, 2023, in prep.; Valeille-Manet et al. 2024), coincident with a hot core candidate (tag “hot-core”, Bonfand et al. 2024), and/or whose flux is corrected for contamination by free-free emission (tag “FF corrected”, Armante et al. 2024). Masses of Col. 8 are uncertain when the core flux is corrected for free-free contamination.

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