Wavelength and temperature dependence of the opacity. Upper plot: Dust opacity as a function of wavelength. Middle plot: Rosseland mean opacity exemplarily for five gas densities (10^–18, 10^–16, 10^–14, 10^–12, and 10^–10 g/cm³) in ascending order in the plot (red = this paper; brown = Bell & Lin 1994). Lower plot: Planck opacities for the same gas densities, likewise in ascending order in the plot (red: T_rad = T_gas; orange: T_rad = T_star). Mean opacities consider the evaporation of silicates following Isella & Natta (2005). But for consistency with the MCRT, ice evaporation is not considered in the opacities.