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Fig. 9.

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Radial Kippenhahn plot showing the internal profile evolution of the 100 M model. The solid black and blue lines are the total and core radii respectively. The black dashed lines track radius of constant q = m/Mtot = 0.1 − 0.9 in increments of 0.1. Additional constant q lines between q = 0.6 and 0.7 are also plotted in the bottom right plot. Blue and red contours are used to show positive (contracting) and negative (expanding) contributions of the local gravitational source term, ϵgrav. The green shading marks convective regions where |1 − Γrad|< 0.1, and β = Pgas/Ptot <  0.1. The four subplots correspond to (a) Inflation during the Main sequence phase (b) Expansion during the MS as the model loses thermal balance just below temperature of log(Teff/K) ∼3.8 (c) Expansion once the core runs out of hydrogen (d) Inflating layers inside the model during core-He burning.

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