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Fig. 1

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Carbon fraction of Solar System bodies, where the carbon fraction, fc, is defined by the mass fraction of carbon in the sum of solid carbon and the silicates. For ISM dust, comets, and IDPs, this fraction is calculated from the C/Si atomic ratio (Matrajt et al. 2005; Bardyn et al. 2017; Bergin et al. 2015; Binkert & Birnstiel 2023, and references therein). For comparison, we also plot the “Sun” values (fc ≃ 0.25), which refer to hypothetical dust with solar C/Si. The fractions of chondrites are normalized by the matrix volume of each chondrite (see the main text). While Bergin et al. (2015) and Binkert & Birnstiel (2023) showed fc fraction monotonically decreases as the decrease in the heliocentric radius decreases, the matrix-normalized fc of chondrites may be independent of the distance. The uncertainties of chondrites’ fc values come from the variation among each chondrite. The very low fc of BSE and “bulk Earth” are also discussed in the main text.

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