Fraction of LyC photons that do not participate in the production of Hα at Z = 0.008,  0.02,  0.04 (top) for a population of H II regions generated (as per Sect. 3.3) for the parameters of the TODDLERS models, ϵ_SF and n_cl. The solid line represents the sum of the escape fraction (dashed) and absorption by dust (dotted). Conversion of Hα luminosity to SFR (bottom), using a fixed conversion factor, C_Hα = 5.5 × 10⁴², using the same SF region populations and TODDLERS model parameters as the top row.