RV semi-amplitude distribution of model planet distribution. The observed jitter in CARMENES of stars with and without known planets (blue and light blue bars) is compared to the RV semi-amplitudes of the model planet population (red hatched bars). The median RV semi-amplitude (red line) lies at 1.3 m s⁻¹, and the median RV jitter of stars with and without planets (blue line) is 2.1 m s⁻¹.