Fig. 16

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Mass-weighted 2D histogram of the fraction of C+ ions in the 2P3/2 level (nu/(nu + nl)) as a function of the dust temperature Td. The solid red line represents the mass-weighted average of nu/(nu + nl) for a given Td bin, and the dashed line represents the median. The thin, dotted black line represents nu/(nu + nl) = 2/3, that is, the maximum possible value. We show the result for MC2-HD at tevol = 4 Myr, with 18 K ≤ Td ≤ 55 K. On average, C+ reaches rough saturation at Td ≃ 40 K. This confirms that, in vicinity of stars, the [CII] line is saturated, causing, in part, the [CII] deficit.
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