Time series of L_indicator/L_bol- For the CARMENES L_Hα/L_bol we mark low activity states as green and blue dots, high activity states as red dots, flares as magenta dots, and spectra with an asymmetric Hα shape as cyan dots (see Sect. 6.1 for a detailed discussion). The cyan and magenta dots are labelled with the flare number also used in Fig. 9. Flare no. 14 is not shown here since the spectrum gets into absorption, and therefore no L_Hα/L_bol can be calculated with the χ method used here since it is only defined for emission lines. The ESPRESSO Hα measurements are marked as black triangles. The L_X/L_bol measurement of the Chandra observation is marked as a black star; that of the XMM-Newton observation is marked as a black diamond. The time spans of the TESS observations are marked as small black dots connected by a black line. Since TESS is not photometrically calibrated, the position on the y-axis is arbitrary (we note here that for a blackbody of the temperature of Teegarden’s star about 20% of the radiation is in the TESS band). The red triangles mark the positions of the clusters of the higher activity states.