Kinematic model with N = 4 (upper row) and N = 25 clouds sampled per spaxel. In both cases the underlying velocity field distributes as $\mathcal{N}(0,{100}^2)$. Left-hand column: Sampled velocities v (i.e., mean of N cloud velocities in the spaxel). Their standard deviation is the “transverse dispersion,” σ_⊥. Middle column: Sampled standard deviations of the N cloud velocities, or “parallel” dispersion, σ_∥. Right-hand column: Sample distribution of v and σ_∥. The Horizontal blue line represents the same as in Fig. 3.