Open Access
Table 1.
Parameters for the star and simulation.
| Parameter | Values | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Dipole inclination ι | 0° | 45° | 90° |
| Dipole magnetic field Bdip, axis | 1012 G | ||
| Star rotation period P | 0.25 s | ||
| Star mass M⋆ | 1.5 Ms | ||
| Star radius R⋆ | 12 km | ||
| Domain size Lx | 11 000Δx | 11 000Δx | 9000Δx |
| Domain size Ly | 12000Δx | ||
| Grid cell size Δx | 13.4 cm | ||
| Initial plasma skin depth de(n0)/Δx | 14.93 | ||
| Simulation time step Δt | 0.2011 ns | ||
| Simulation time steps T/Δt | 150 000 | ||
| Polar cap angle θpc, Eq. (1) | 2.01° | 2.15° | 2.20° |
| Polar cap transition angle Δθ/θpc | 0.01 | ||
| Current profile j∥/jGJ | Eq. (5), Fig. 2 | ||
| Particle decay threshold γthr | 2 × 107 | ||
| Secondary particle γsec | 1 × 104 | ||
| Friedman filter θFr | 0.1 | ||
| Initial macro-particle density representing n0 | 2 PPC | ||
| Initial and injection particle velocity u0/c | 0.1 | ||
| Initial density closed lines nclosed | 50 n0 | ||
| Absorbing boundary condition width labc | 40Δx | ||
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