Dark matter halo mass (upper black points) and stellar mass of BCG (lower grey points) versus redshift. Overlaid are the halo mass of simulated progenitors of Fornax- and Coma-type clusters from Chiang et al. (2013) and halo and BCG masses from the TNG300 simulation (Montenegro-Taborda et al. 2023). The black and grey diamonds show halo masses and (proto-)BCG stellar masses from the NICE COSMOS sample. Other points show halo and (proto-)BCG masses from literature (proto-)clusters as identified in the figure (Jee et al. 2009; Rosati et al. 2009; Brodwin et al. 2016; Newman et al. 2014; Trudeau et al. 2022; Gobat et al. 2019; Strazzullo et al. 2018; Wang et al. 2016; Miller et al. 2018; Rotermund et al. 2021; Coogan et al. 2023).