Our sample of 6D Gaia DR3 RVS stars in action space, classified into different groups of Dodd23 (indicated by colour). The Ungrouped Halo stars are represented by smoothed density, as indicated by the colours and contours in the colour bar. This density, and those of the individual groups, are corrected for selection effects (see text). Across the space is an example path (red line) of a 5D star through action space found by varying an assumed v_los, with values indicated in the legend. The corresponding PDF can be seen in the following Fig. 3. This example star is a GES member from the 6D Gaia RVS sample, with the true v_los and the corresponding point in action space marked by a square.