Fig. 9
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Obliquities of stars with multiple transiting planets, as constrained by either the RM effect or asteroseismology. Each horizontal line shows the a/R⋆ values of the planets in a given system, with the solar system on top (with gaps to allow Jupiter and Neptune to be shown). For the planets, the size of each circle conveys the planet’s radius relative to Jupiter. For the stars, symbol size conveys the radius relative to the Sun, with a color conveying the effective temperature. Gray circles are planets for which the RM effect has been measured – except for β Pic b where spectro-interferometry was used. The wedge indicates the projected obliquity for a given system, based on the most precise measurement for any planet in the system, with the exception of HD 3167 for which two planets appear to have very different inclinations. The asteroseismic measurements constrain i⋆ and not λ; in those cases the wedge should therefore be read as aligned (Kepler-50 and Kepler-65) or misaligned (Kepler-56, Kepler-129). Planetary (tan circle) or stellar companions (red star, M-dwarfs) to a given system are shown to the right, where √(÷) denotes that the companion could (not) have influenced the obliquity of the inner planetary system. The asterisks for LTT 1445A and TOI-451A denote that these measurements should be taken with a grain of salt. Adapted from Wang et al. (2022, Figure 3).
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