Fig. 4
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Hierarchical Bayesian inference of the obliquity distribution for subsets of the sample that are suspected of being especially prone to misalignment. The left panel is for all sub-Saturns with λ measurements, without using any i★ information even when it is available. The middle panel is for all hot Jupiters around hot stars with λ measurements, without using any i★ information even when it is available. The right panel is for hot Jupiters around hot stars for which both λ and i★ are known and utilized. In the right panel, the black upward tick marks on the horizontal axis are the individual values of cos ψ, and the horizontal bands surrounding the tick marks convey the uncertainties. The solid gray curve is a KDE estimated from these measurements.
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