Fig. 5.

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Evolution of an initially harmonic profile of an Alfvén wave is shown at increasing distances from the Sun. Firstly at the base of the corona (depicted by blue line), 1.5 solar radii (the green line), 2.5 solar radii (the black line), and 3.5 solar radii (illustrated by the red line). By considering the impact of the stratification term coefficient in second term of Eq. (31), the stratified Alfvén speed configuration in Eq. (29), as well as the influence of external pressure denoted by the κ parameter, it becomes evident that the wave’s amplitude gradually decreases with increasing distance from about the 1.5 solar radii. At about 3.5 solar radii, the wave experiences a backward shock. The initial wave period is around 50 seconds and its initial amplitude measures 0.02, which corresponds to the initial azimuthal velocity of 20 km/s. The Alfvén speed near the corona’s base is maintained at 1000 km/s.
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