Total electron (solid blue), positron (solid red), and proton (dashed green) energy spectra for a B_⋆ = 10⁷ G and P = 1 ms pulsar. The relevant energy scales introduced in Sect. 2 are shown by vertical dotted lines, from the lowest to the highest energies: the radiation-reaction-limited energy at the light cylinder, ${\gamma }_{\mathrm{rad}}^{\mathrm{LC}}{m}_{\mathrm{e}}{c}^2$, the threshold energy for pair production, γ_thm_ec², and the polar-cap potential drop, eΦ_pc.