Main sequence of star forming galaxies at five distinct cosmic epochs that match the median redshift of our group subsamples: S-I to S-V. This relationship (blue dashed line) is extracted from a recent study by Popesso et al. (2023), which also used COSMOS galaxies. The BGGs from COSMOS, H15, and Magneticum are superimposed on the MS in different panels. The shaded region indicates ±1.0 dex. The bottom-right panel illustrates the distribution of both star forming (hatched with stars) and quenched BGGs.