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Fig. 9

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Period-luminosity plot adapted from Reichert et al. (2019) showing the location of giant stars with RV variations of unknown intrinsic origins (orange star markers). The green dots are photometrically variable giant stars identified by the OGLE survey, while the black dots are the subset of these showing long secondary periods. Overplotted in shades of purple are models of oscillatory convective modes (mixing length parameter of 1.2), as presented by Saio et al. (2015). We also overplot confirmed planets orbiting giant stars from the Lick RV survey (see, e.g., Wolthoff et al. 2022) with their respective Hipparcos identifiers in red and (mostly unpublished) planet candidates from the same RV survey in blue. NGC 4349 No. 127 lies in close vicinity to some stars with established intrinsic RV variations, suggesting a common origin for the phenomenon. This impression is further enhanced by the clear separation of the regions in which the confirmed planets and planet candidates fall.

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