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Table 1

Physical parameters of Ceres, Vesta, and the impactors used in this study.

Body Parameter Symbol Units Value Reference
Ceres Right Ascension of the spin axis α0 deg 291.42 ± 0.01 Russell et al. (2016)
Declination of the spin axis δ0 deg 66.76 ± 0.02 Russell et al. (2016)
Mean radius R km 469.7 ± 0.2 Russell et al. (2016)
Mean density ρ kg m−3 2161.6 ± 2.5 Park et al. (2019)
Surface gravity g m s−2 0.27 Bland (2013)
Transition simple-to-complex craters Dc km 10 Cheng & Klimczak (2022)

Vesta Right ascension of the spin axis α0 deg 309.03 ± 0.01 Russell et al. (2012)
Declination of the spin axis δ0 deg 42.23 ± 0.01 Russell et al. (2012)
Mean radius R km 262.7 ± 0.1 Russell et al. (2012)
Mean density ρ kg m−3 3456 ± 35 Schenk et al. (2021)
Surface gravity g m s−2 0.22 Cheng & Klimczak (2022)
Transition simple-to-complex craters Dc km 38 Vincent et al. (2014)

Impactor C-type impactor density ρi,C kg m−3 1260 ± 70 Chesley et al. (2014)
S-type impactor density ρi,S kg m−3 1950 ± 140 Kanamaru & Sasaki (2019)
Impactor angle θ deg 45
Impactor speed υ m s−1 4790 O’Brien & Sykes (2011)

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