Neutral heating rate and ion/electron heating rate driven by AW and GW wave modes and are displayed in panels a-b and panels c-d, respectively, H_pc and H_wave are wave-associated photochemical heating of hot oxygen atom and total neutral wave heating rate, respectively. Q = H_wave/ρ_n0c_p represents the wave heating/cooling rate in unit of K sol⁻¹, where “sol” denotes one Martian day. H_ni refers to neutral-ion collisional heating rate while H_ne represents neutral–electron collisional heating rate. H_in and H_en are ion-neutral and electron-neutral collisional heating rate, respectively. H_joule denotes Joule heating rate generated by perturbed current density and electric field. Input parameters are τ = 4.2 min, λ_h = 80 km, $k_z^l=0.11$ km⁻¹, and c_p = 321 m s⁻¹ for AW mode and are τ = 39.4 min, λ_h = 210 km, $k_z^l=-0.07$ km⁻¹, and c_p = 89 m s⁻¹ for GW mode.