Estimation of LO modes with LIFT on a simulated dataset of PSFs with ramping defocus. This test is similar to the one shown in Fig. 1. This time, defocus was estimated for the same PSF dataset with and without introducing the pre-calibrated NCPAs prior. A substantial increase in LIFT estimation accuracy is observed when calibration is applied. Solid lines represent the estimated modal coefficients (â₁,...â₁₀), dashed lines represent corresponding introduced values. Simulated seeing = 0.35″, m_J = 12, WFE_introduced ≈ 140 nm RMS. See Appendix C for more information on seeing selection.