Initial depth distribution of the silicate mixed with metal in the erosive and hit-and-run impacts. The initial depth of a particle is its depth in the target or the projectile. The curves are the kernel density estimates for the initial depth of silicate that was mixed with metal in the erosive and hit-and-run impacts with different impact velocities, impact angles, and states of the planetesimal cores. The pink shaded bands show the thickness of Vesta’s crust (~40 km and ~80 km) estimated by previous studies (Mandler & Elkins-Tanton 2013; Clenet et al. 2014).