Distribution of metal and silicate at the end of simulations. The cross-sections of the largest impact remnants in different impact regimes are shown, which are in the plane of the projectile trajectory. The materials and sources of the particles are colour-coded (see legend): the projectile’s metal and silicate are red and yellow, and the target’s metal and silicate are dark blue and light blue. The impacts are accretional impacts that have a projectile-to-target ratio (γ) of 0.2; impact velocity (υ) of 0.5 km s⁻¹ (1.6 times the mutual escape velocity, υ_esc); impact angle (θ) of 30° (a and d); hit-and-run impacts with γ = 0.5, υ = 1.0 km s⁻¹, υ/υ_esc = 3.0, θ = 45° (b and e); and erosive impacts with γ = 1.0, υ = 5.0 km s⁻¹, υ/υ_esc = 13.7, θ = 45° (c and ƒ). The cores of the projectiles and the targets were solid (a–c) or liquid (d–f).