Open Access

Table 1

Parameters of the models.

Envelope-only Envelope-plus-disk


Parameter (unit) Low-mass High-mass Low-mass High-mass Description
rin (au) 0.4 10 0.4 10 The inner radius
rout (au) 104 5 × 104 104 5 × 104 The outer radius of the envelope
ME (M) 1, 3, 5 50, 300, 1000 1, 3, 5 50, 300, 1000 Envelope mass
RD (au) 20, 50, 200 500, 1000, 2000 Disk radius
T* (K) 5000 40000 5000 40000 Protostellar temperature
M* (M) 0.5 30 0.5 30 Protostellar mass
L(L) 2, 8, 32 5 × 102, 104, 5 × 105 2, 8, 32 5 × 102, 104, 5 × 105 Bolometric luminosity

Notes. The fiducial model parameters are highlighted in boldface. The fiducial models are those with small dust grains. When calculating the emission lines, we assumed source distances of 150 pc and 4 kpc for low- and high-mass protostars.

Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.

Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.

Initial download of the metrics may take a while.