Planetary system architectures in comparison. Left panel: semi-major axes in planetary systems in comparison. For Teegarden’s Star we show two possible configurations: the three planets as fit by our preferred model and a hypothetical configuration (labeled as Teegarden (h)) with the three planets, the candidate at 7.7 days (light blue) as well as a purely hypothetical planet between planets c and d (light gray). The size of the plot symbols in the left panel are scaled assuming a constant planet density using the masses from Tables 2 and Table G.2. Right panel: mutual Hill separations in planetary systems in comparison. The light blue line indicates the mutual Hill radius above which the orbital crossing time is larger than 10⁹ orbits.