Open Access
Table 1
Disk parameters employed in this work.
| Symbol | Definition | Fiducial values |
|---|---|---|
| t0 | Initial time of the disk | 0.2 Myr |
| tf | Disk lifetime | 5 Myr |
| M★ | Star mass | 1 M⊙ |
| Mg,0 | Initial disk mass | 0.17 M⊙ |
| Ms,0 | Initial solid mass | 570 M⊕ |
| Z0 | Initial metallicity | 0.01 |
| R1 | Disk size | 100 AU |
 |
Inner gas accretion rate | 10−7 M⊙ yr−1 |
| cs | Sound speed | 650 m s−1 at 1 AU |
| γ | Viscosity power-index | 15/14 |
| ζ | Temperature power-index | 3/7 |
| α | Accretion viscosity coefficient | 0.01 |
| at | Midplane turbulence | 10−4 |
| χ | Related to pressure gradient | 3.71 |
| St | Pebble Stokes number | 0.03 |
| Stχ | χ ⋅ St | 0.11 |
| υf | Fragmentation velocity | 1 m s−1 |
| ρs | Internal density of particles | 1 g cm−3 |
| τg | Solid growth timescale | 0.2 Myr |
| κ | Opacity of the envelope | 0.005 m2 kg−1 |
| τth | Threshold time | 10 Myr |
| M0 | Protoplanet’s initial mass | 0.01 M⊕ |
| r0 | Protoplanet’s initial position | 30–100 AU |
| t0,p | Protoplanet’s formation time | 0.2–1.2 Myr |
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