Fig. 8

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Formation of massive planets in the streaming instability protoplanet mass scenario as a function of disk turbulent level and solid disk mass. The left and right panels illustrate the single protoplanet and mult-protoplanet cases. The protoplanets are assumed to form by streaming instability where their masses follow Eq. (8) and the disk lifetime is 3.7 Myr. Other model parameters are listed in Table 1. The colorbar gives the resulting planet with the highest mass, while the contour lines indicate masses of 10, 30, and 100, respectively. Giant planets around stars of M★ = 0.1 M⊙ are difficult to form when the protoplanets from by streaming instability.
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