Fig. 4

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Growth and migration of single protoplanets formed by streaming instability at different turbulent levels and pebble-to-gas mass flux ratios around stars of M★ = 0.1 M⊙. Three turbulent coefficients of αt = 10−2 (upper), 10−3 (middle) and 10−4 (lower) and two pebble-to-gas flux ratios of ξp/g = 1% (left) and 2% (right) are shown. The planet and disk parameters are listed in Table 1. Compared to Fig. 2, the growth of the planets is significantly impeded unless in disks with low turbulence and high pebble flux.
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