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Fig. 1

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Growth and migration of individual protoplanets initiated at different disk locations around stars of M = 0.1 M. The dashed line represents the pebble isolation mass at t = 1.3 Myr. This is when the fastest growing planet reaches its isolation mass. The arrow indicates the disk transition radius, and the increasing sizes of the dots denote the disk evolution at one Myr intervals. The planet attains the highest mass at a moderate birth radial distance close to the transition radius. The planet and disk parameters are referred to Table 1.

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